Farming systems and production management

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Research outcomes: Growers and harvesters benefit from the ongoing research in productivity improvement, production management and agronomical techniques. Developed technologies and management practices that enhance productivity and demonstrate a high rate of return on investment.

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Increased profitability and water use efficiency through best use of limited water under supplementary irrigation : SRDC Final report CSE001
(SRDC, 2005) Inman-Bamber, NG
The objectives of this project towards increased profitability and water use efficiency was to:
Efficient use of water resources in sugar production; optimising the use of limited water under supplementary irrigation
(2000) Inman-Bamber, NG; Robertson, MJ; Muchow, RC; Wood, AW; Wegener, MK; Spillman, MF
About 60% of sugar produced in Australia depends on irrigation. In some regions, production would be impossible without irrigation; in others, irrigation is used to supplement rainfall. It can improve production and reduce risks in the more variable rainfall environments. The whole subject of supplementary irrigation has taken on a new focus in recent years as termsof- trade for cane growers continue to deteriorate, and as pressure mounts for more efficient management of a scarce national resource. Best practice with limited water, however, depends on complex biophysical and economic factors as well as sensitive off-site impacts. From a biophysical point of view, questions arise as to the probability of achieving the desired irrigation responses in the various regions and seasons, and the extent to which this is affected by crop water requirements at various stages and by variety and soil type. From a management point of view, the questions concern source of the water, the amounts available, and the best crop type and block on which to apply it. Finally, from an economic point of view, the questions concern the interactions between the above factors and the size of the investment required, the likely price of cane, and the probability of achieving sustained profitability from the investment during its lifetime. The aim of this project, therefore, was to address this complexity by developing and applying a generic methodology for assessing the payoffs of supplementary irrigation, taking account of the above factors.
Evaluating alternative irrigation for a greener future
(2011) Hesp, C
The potential agronomic and environmental benefits of green cane harvesting and trash blanketing, the ongoing issues of nutrients and pesticides threatening the Great Barrier Reef, the rising ground water levels in the area, and water use efficiency issues, prompted the progressive MAFIA grower group to conceptualise a project to trial alternative irrigation systems and compare them with the conventional furrow irrigation system. A lateral move irrigation system was established on the Hesp property, in the Mulgrave farming area in the Burdekin, to irrigate sugarcane throughout a full 4 year crop cycle. This system was compared to conventional furrow and, on a nearby property, a drip irrigation system. The sites were extensively instrumented to measure parameters that would enable the water and nutrient balance to be monitored on the furrow and lateral move irrigated fields. Importantly, an intensive economic analysis was conducted to provide a guide to the economic evaluation of the three systems. Overall the results of the trial indicated that it was indeed possible to grow large sugarcane crops under the lateral move and drip irrigation systems, and that these crops could be subsequently harvested green. It was shown that the lateral move and drip systems also provided opportunity for improved water use efficiency over the furrow irrigation system and that the subsequent flow on benefits from this was reduced loss of nutrients via deep drainage and irrigation runoff. The economic evaluation, using actual inputs costs from the trial sites, show that the furrow and lateral move had similar operating costs which were significantly less than the drip system. However, it should be pointed out that this economic study looked at the adoption of a new irrigation system versus an existing furrow irrigation system. If the analysis was to examine a greenfield investment comparison, then the economic results could significantly change because of the extra capital investment required to establish a furrow irrigation system. In this analysis, environmental benefits resulting from improved water, nutrient and pesticide use are not accounted for in dollar terms, but if included would recognise the value of more efficient farming systems. While every effort was made to provide reliable information from this study, constraints associated with conducting the trial, within an existing “whole of farm” operation, meant that it should be considered more as a pilot study rather than a rigorous scientific trial. For this reason care should be taken in extrapolating the data from this study to other properties or areas where different circumstances and constraints could alter the perspective significantly.
National Program for Sustainable Irrigation
(2010)
The National Program for Sustainable Irrigation was a unique collaboration as it involved governments, irrigators, water providers and researchers from across Australia. It covered every aspect of irrigation from dam management and water delivery, through on-farm management, to sustainable landscape environmental measures. The program has contributed to; • major increases in the efficiency and productivity of irrigation water, • significant reductions in salinity to the Murray Darling Rivers, • greater knowledge and technical capacity of irrigators and irrigation professionals. NPSI partners invested $5.2 million between 2006 - 2012, which led to an additional $6.5 million of co-investments in projects. Benefit cost ratios from investments in irrigation research consistently have been high, between 7 and 14 to one. Equally important have been environmental benefits and human capacity building. In total, 42% of funds were invested in projects that have increased knowledge, 37% that increased efficiency and 21% of invested funds have delivered a demonstrable industry economic impact. Tangible benefits to irrigators have resulted due to improved knowledge of water use efficiency benchmarks and tools, the ability to quantify water losses and better management strategies being put into practice. NPSI has been active in building improved skills, knowledge and decision making of end users via workshops, training events and publications. NPSI played a collaborative role in feeding information from research through to extension networks and sales/technical representatives, then on to the farm. The flagship publication “Irrigation Essentials” provides a snapshot of the latest NPSI research and development that is improving technology, enabling the sharing of knowledge and practice change across all agricultural commodities and horticultural industries. It provides case studies that demonstrate how research and good ideas may be adopted and provides sources of additional information on key topics. Sixty individual case studies have been published. The economic pay off from NPSI II was estimated to deliver at least $13.7m (present value terms) to the Australian economy. Against a total NPSI II investment of $9.1m (present value terms) this represents a positive pay off on funds invested. The net present value was estimated at $4.6m which represents a return of $1.50 on every dollar invested in NPSI II. If benefits are only compared against the cost of projects that have delivered an economic benefit (21% of total costs) the return would be $7.20 for every dollar invested across those projects. The program commissioned an external evaluation of its operations in 2011
An assessment of surge-irrigation in the Burdekin : Final report CSR35
(1992) Matthieson, L
Furrow irrigation is the natural choice for sugarcane. It is relatively cheap to operate and generally not capital intensive, However in operation furrow irrigation has distinct limitations. It is generally inefficient in its use of water with 50% utilisation being a typical figure (Stewart 1988). With pumping costs being greater than $2 per tonne cane and QWRC water charges be i ng $32 per mega 1 i tre for farms on channe 1 supp 1 y, there is a need to increase efficiency in order to save moneY,conserve water resources and guard against rising water-tables and salinity. With furrow irrigation the furrow is both the source and the sink of irrigation water. The advance of the water down a dry furrow is typically much slower than the recession of water in a wet furrow except for short or flat furrows which are blocked. Inevitably the upper reaches of the furrow receive more water than lower down . To ensure adequate watering of the lower reaches irrigation water is often allowed to run off to waste for some considerable time. Surge irrigation is the application of irrigation water in pulses rater than continuously . If the off-phase is sufficiently long for the surface soil to dewater, it has been found (see Walker and Skogerboe, 1987) that when irrigation water is reapplied it rapidly advances over the previously wetted section such that less water is required to complete the advance phase of the irrigation. A more rapid advance gives a more uniform distribution of water. Because the irrigation on-time is only a portion of clock time (typically half) it allows better control of run off because irrigators have more time to interact with it.
Irrigation water use in the Eton irrigation scheme
(1994) Chapman, LS
The objectives of the survey were: to determine irrigation management strategies used by the canegrowers; to determine water use efficiency for individual blocks; and to identify irrigation practices which affect water use efficiency.
Factors affecting cane farm productivity and profitability in the Bundaberg district
(1993) Queensland Department of Primary Industries
At the request of the Bundaberg Cane Productivity Committee, the Queensland Department of Primary Industries carried out a study to identify factors affecting the level of sugar yields and reasons for variation in the level of farm input use and to examine other on-farm influences affecting the profitability of cane growing in the Bundaberg district. A purposive sample of 53 cane growers was selected and information obtained through personal interview. The study examined a wide range of farm characteristics which were expected to affect sugar yields in the district. The study found that 70% of the variation in sugar yields over the survey period could be explained by: - the percentage of harvested cane consisting of Autumn plant cane; - type of irrigation use (flood or non-flood); - number of days to irrigate the crop (length of irrigation cycle); - amount of nitrogen applied to ratoon crops; - soil type; and - water use. Sugar yield and farm size were identified as important factors affecting the profitability of cane growing on specialist cane farms.
Cane grower implemented drying-off irrigation scheduling on the tablelands : SRDC Final report BSS304
(2010) Donald, D; Burgess, D
The project set out to develop simple measurement methods which could be implemented by cane growers to increase sucrose yields by indicating when to dry-off mature cane crops and when to provide additional irrigation due to delayed harvesting.
Delivering web-based irrigation management : SRDC Final report BSS297
(2009) Willcox, T
This project furthered the development of WaterSense. This is a web-based sugarcane irrigation scheduling and planning tool that allows the user to optimise irrigation inputs over multiple fields and enhance potential yields while limiting offsite impacts.
Implementation of the Rocky Point Strategic Plan as a model for local area industry development : SRDC Final report BSS247
(2002) McGregor, D
The Rocky Point Strategic Plan was initiated as a direct result of concern from both growers and the sugar mill about the future viability of the local industry. The aim was to follow a similar procedure to the Maryborough cane industry with the vision of duplicating their success story.At the same time as the Strategic Plan was evolving the Gold Coast City Council (GCCC) was developing a Reclaimed Water Scheme (part of the Northern Wastewater Strategy) involving the use of this water for irrigation of cane at Rocky Point.In January 2000 I was employed by the BSES as a Development Officer and Northern Wastewater Reuse Coordinator under a jointly funded 3 year project by SRDC and GCCC to assist with the Strategic Plan and provide liaison between the GCCC and the cane industry.A work plan was produced with specific goals and activities. Priority was allocated to work activities that were expected to have the greatest impact on achieving the goal of reaching the annual cane production of 550,000 tonnes. High Density Planting (HDP), Irrigation and Lateral Expansion were seen as the major drivers for achieving this goal.A change in row spacing from single to quad rows (HDP) has been identified in local trials as the best opportunity for growers to lift productivity. For example, quad row Q138 plant cane yield at the Skopp site was 140 tc/ha compared to 90 tc/ha for the conventional single rows. It is also worth noting that there was a positive response in favour of the quad rows with all HDP trials at Rocky Point, with all varieties (Q138, Q141, Q124). However because of the cloud over the future of quad rows, the short-term solution to increasing production by changing row spacing appears to be with convincing growers to adopt the dual row system, and trial work was initiated to promote this change. The impact of this on production predictions is enormous. Quad rows were expected to provide a 40% increase in productivity compared to 15% for dual rows.Lateral expansion through growing cane at Beaudesert was identified as a potential source of increased cane supply. A nursery of cane plants has been established at Beaudesert and was expected to grow to 30,000 by 2003. However the current low cane price has produced a negative impact on this initiative. Unless there is a positive upward movement in the cane price in the near future, the cane production from the Beaudesert area will remain insignificant (<3,000 t).Irrigation of cane using water from the GCCC Reclaimed Water Scheme is expected to commence in August 2004. There was an excellent response from growers to the expressions of interest for allocation of reclaimed water for irrigation of cane. The area of irrigation from Stage 1A of the scheme will be 340 ha and involve six farmers. In general, cane farmers at Rocky Point have limited experience with irrigation. An effort was made to educate Rocky Point cane farmers on irrigation with the aim of establishing a good knowledge of Best Practice Irrigation before the commencement of irrigation in the district using reclaimed water. Also, the surface irrigation trial conducted this season has provided valuable information on crop response to irrigation and irrigation scheduling.Other activities to encourage growers to increase production were based on general extension of the Best Management Practice principles endorsed by the BSES. Improved weed control management would top the list of activities that was expected to have the most impact.

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