Completed projects and reports
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Sugar Research Australia, Sugar Research Development Corporation and BSES reports from completed research projects and papers.
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Item Investigation of mangrove dieback Pioneer River Estuary, Mackay(2002) Kirkwood, A; Dowling, RThis report discusses the results of an investigation to establish a potential cause of the mangrove dieback that has occurred within the Pioneer River estuary and Bassett Basin, Mackay, Central Queensland from 1998 to 2001. Only one mangrove species, Avicennia marina, is apparently affected by dieback within this area. The principal objective of this study was to assess the hypothesis that a flood event and subsequent deposition of mud and silt in the mangrove communities was a likely cause of the dieback. This report refutes the argument that the most likely cause of the dieback is herbicide (diuron and ametryn) use within the Pioneer River catchment. Observations of mangrove communities in the Pioneer River estuary made by one of the authors in 2001 indicated that large amounts of mud and silt had been deposited in the estuary and had buried Avicennia marina pneumatophores in dieback areas. Burial of pneumatophores is a commonly reported cause of Avicennia spp. dieback in other parts of Australia and overseas. Recent and historical aerial photographs of the Pioneer River estuary were examined to determine the temporal and spatial extent of the current mangrove dieback and any past dieback events within the estuary. The current dieback event appears to have commenced no earlier than June 1998 and was clearly visible in November 1999 photographs. Other historical cases of mangrove dieback in the estuary have been documented. Flood records from 1884 to 2000 at Mackay were examined and found to correlate with the onset of the present dieback event. As a result of this analysis, an unseasonal flood event in August 1998 was deemed to be a likely cause of the current dieback. Rainfall and stream height data for 1998, especially for August of that year, were analysed to determine the source of these floodwaters. Intense rainfall had occurred across the whole catchment over a three day period in late August 1998, resulting in high river flows across the catchment and within the Pioneer River estuary. Examination of aerial photographs of the Brisbane River, Queensland, revealed that a major flood in 1974 had caused similar mangrove dieback in that river, most likely by depositing mud and silt in the mangrove communities.Item Precision farming with controlled traffic and GPS guidance system : SRA Grower Group Innovation Project final report(2007) Vassallo, C; Vassallo, GAfter working with the Central Region new farming system grower group we decided to take the system to the next level and implement GPS guidance and precision. Our aim was to overcome the problems associated with converting from 1.5 metres conventional to 1.83 meters controlled traffic using GPS guidance, bed forming, minimum tillage, break crops and converting existing equipment to the new system. Some equipment needed to be invented as we proceeded with the new system. The learning from the project was that the 1.83m controlled traffic system needs to be established in a conventional way, rather than preformed beds. The cane needs to be planted deep into the soil, rather than on mounds to establish the stool deep in the soil, into the moisture zone. GPS guidance is of great assistance to establish true control traffic farming.Item Utilising available technology to better manage yield variability within blocks : SRA Grower Group Innovation Project final report(2008) Blackburn, LThe specific aim of this project was to gain information on the different layers of information collected at a block level to allow site specific crop management. The Blackburn Brothers have also investigated the farm economic within the fallow period by introducing fallow options like peanuts. Blackburn Brothers have collected a number of different layers of information such as: Satellite imagery, EM Mapping “soil”, Yield Mapping, soil analysis and leaf analysis, from the information collected, management of the nutrient applied, the gross margins achieved, all have allowed for better decision making that have improved the bottom line. A replicated strip trial site was established and determined that there was no significant difference between the peanut fallow and bare fallow in the plant cane crop while the economics determined that the peanut fallow achieved $1147.22 per hectare more than the bare fallow. Within these two treatments two nitrogen rates were utilised 45kg / ha and 150 kg / ha with no significant difference achieved. The results achieved by utilising available technology to better manage yield variability within blocks has been adopted over the total farming area (470 ha) by the confidence achieved by conducting this project. The group has also now undertaken that complete record keeping will be utilised and this will lead to better management decisions to be made at a block level.Item Bed forming utilising GPS guidance by the CAS (Calen and St Helen) Young Farmers Association : SRDC Grower Group Innovation Project final report(2008) Gordon, G; Mackenzie, CThis project aimed to enhance controlled traffic farming with GPS guidance in undulating conditions in the Calen and St Helen district of Mackay. The project focused on the use of preformed beds, as well as investigating different planting techniques (eg dual row and wide shute on preformed beds). The group also wanted to investigate the potential for a contracting facility to bed form under guidance. Key results from the project include: - Controlled traffic systems were enhanced through the use of GPS. Without GPS we had issues with maintaining even row spacings along the contours and side slopes, and holding a billet planter in position on slopes. Through the use of GPS, and the Alexander (flat top) bed former, we were able to overcome these issues. - We found that the flat top bed shape formed with the Alexander bed former was the most suitable for our region. While the trial results indicated there was no yield, NIR or financial difference between the flat top, round top bed and conventional planting, we found the flat top beds were much easier to manage in our undulating farming conditions as the tractor/planter can more easily stay on the wheel ruts and not stray from the desired position. With the flat top bed former we found we could mark out with a GPS tractor and then conduct other paddock operations without the GPS because the bed shapes kept the tractor and implement in the GPS wheel tracks. o The flat top beds provided the best wheel track for our planting equipment, as this profile seemed to form a “railway like track centre”, making it very easy to keep the planter in the correct position without the need for GPS guidance. The round beds seem to have a wider wheel space and we experienced some movement and uneven row spacing, however this could be eliminated with the use of guidance equipment on the planting gear (which we don’t have). -Different planting techniques on preformed beds had very similar yields. The dual rows on preformed beds performed the worst with a yield of 103.7 t/ha, compared to singles on beds and conventional planting with 108.63 and 107.81 t/ha respectively. o Based on the gross return per hectare, the single wide shute treatments planted on preformed beds performed the best with a return of $2,582.78 per hectare. However the conventional treatment was very close with a return of $2,539.34 per hectare. The dual rows had a return of $2,464.90 per hectare. Across the treatments there was only a difference of $117.88/ha. - A FEAT analysis conducted by a DPI economist showed that the group’s cur rent farming system (controlled traffic and tilled system) resulted in a Farm Operating Return of $20, 070 and a Return on Investment of 1.44%. While the improved farming system which involves controlled traffic, preformed beds, soybean fallow and reduced tillage resulted in a Farm Operating Return of $54, 947 and a Return on Investment of 3.94%. - There was very little difference in yield and NIR data between the conventional planting method, and the two different bed shapes. The CASH preformed beds, which have a flat shape, had the highest yield with 98.97 t/ha, however it also had the lowest PRS. Tonnes of sugar per hectare across the treatments were almost identical and as a result the Gross Return per hectare only had a difference of $29 between the treatments. o While there was no major difference in gross return between the treatments, we noticed that the flat bed shape was much easier to form, plant and harvest, compared to the round shape. F:\New folder\SRDC\SRDC USB\MRD\Projects - GGIP\Archive\GGP021\Final Report\100426 GGP021_final_report - final.doc - Preliminary results indicate that the flat top bed system has much greater water infiltration and plant extraction than the other systems. However more detailed, long term work needs to be conducted before final conclusions can be drawn. -In 2007 approximately 160 acres outside of the group members farms was contract bed formed, and an additional 100 acres was contract bed formed in 2008. The equipment will continue to be available for hire into the future. - The group members have determined that in this area, preformed beds are essential for a successful legume fallow. All group members will use the bed former prior to planting soybean.Item Project Mackay alignment of grower services (MAGS) : Final report MAP002(Sugar Research and Development Corporation (SRDC), 2010) Ashburner, BJ; Markley, JA; Muscat, J; Latter, KThe Mackay Sugar region recognised that there was room for improvement of grower services which were available in the region and many issues were discovered to exist. An Alignment group was established which consisted in its final form of 33 people covering 8 organisations with 8 elected grower leaders, 9 informal grower leaders, 11 management level leaders and five other selected staff members (from three organisations). This group appointed a Project Committee and from this Project teams were formed to complete specific tasks. There was also a Stakeholders Group which was selected by the Chairmen of Mackay Sugar Limited and Mackay Canegrowers Limited. This was to enable decisions and negotiations to take place with sufficient authority (power).Item SRDC Travel and Learning Project final report Grower Innovation Virtual Expo(2008) Aylward, CGIVE 2008 was a follow up to the very successful GIVE 2006. GIVE stands for Grower Innovation Virtual Expo.For the first time in the history of the Australian sugar industry, groups of growers have been funded to undertake R&D activities through SRDC’s Grower Group Innovation Projects. As the results of these investments are completed, the GIVE conference provides a dedicated venue for these grower groups to present their results. With over 270 attendees (mainly growers) and 21 grower group presentations, and 4 guest speakers over the two days, GIVE 2008 was extremely successful, with all participants rating the event very highly. A wide range of agronomic and harvesting topics were covered in the conference providing attendees with up-to date information and technology applications. Appendix 7 provides a copy of the conference program. Presentations made at the 2008 conference can be downloaded at http://www.giveday.org.au/ SRDC supported this event with a TLOP. This assisted with the costs of the venue, bringing in guest speakers, and organising the associated field trips.Item Utilising a predictive model for the monitoring and management of canegrubs in the Mackay region by the Mount Kinchant Growers Group : SRDC Grower Group innovation project(BSES, 2010) Mount Kinchant Growers GroupOf the nineteen canegrub species in Australia, greyback canegrub which occurs from Plane Creek northwards is the most important. Growers rely heavily on insecticides for greyback canegrub management, and effective insecticidal treatments are now available for both plant crops and ratoons. However these treatments are expensive, and there is no system that allows growers to strategically apply insecticides to only those fields which really need treatment. The aim of this project was to test a system which would allow growers to vary their treatment decisions as circumstances changed. In a previous SRDC-funded project (BSS257), BSES Limited developed a set of models which predict numbers of greyback canegrubs one year ahead. Required information includes canegrub numbers in the current year and presence of visible grub damage in canefields. The Mt Kinchant Grower Group engaged BSES as a consultant to implement this system on Group farms, to test the predictive system and evaluate the costs and benefits of a grub-management consultancy that could be used by other growers in the industry. BSES monitored each of the 10 farms within the Group from 2008-2010. Canefields were sampled for canegrubs by BSES in April-May of each year – 78 fields in 2008, 80 in 2009 and 46 in 2010. Twenty stools were dug in most of these fields and grubs identified and counted. A sample of at least 50 grubs was then reared to adult and causes of any deaths were diagnosed (identifiable pathogens are Adelina, Metarhizium and milky disease); disease levels were very low in both 2008 and 2009 while grubs from 2010 are still being reared. Fields were inspected before harvest and any visible damage recorded; aerial photographs were taken in 2008 and 2009 to help locate grub damage. Gappy ratoons that may indicate grub damage were recorded after harvest. The locations of grub-infested stools and grub damage were recorded in a GIS layer. Maps were printed showing the status of fields on each farm in terms of current insecticidal protection, grub numbers (for sampled fields) and visible damage (for all fields on the farm). The risk of grub attack in the following year was quantified using the predictive models. Group members received a package each year that included the field-status maps, farm report and treatment recommendations. There was general agreement between trends of actual and predicted grub numbers in 2009 and 2010 but with a lot of unexplained variation, particularly in 2010. Treatment decisions tended to err on the conservative side, which is not necessarily a bad thing. Damage was low on most farms during the project. Unexpected damage was only observed in a small number of fields, and that damage was localised and light in almost all cases. This project allowed the Group to have input into the type of information that growers require from a canegrub-management service, and has allowed the service to be costed and its functionality evaluated. Data collected in the project will be used to fine-tune the predictive models.Item Maximising soy's in Central Queensland : SRDC Grower Group Innovation Project final report(2011) Mattsson, SThe Mackay region is currently expanding into soybeans as a legume for green manure and for grain production. The lack of region specific information has meant that growers are relying on information that has been developed in other regions. Some of this agronomic or varietal advice has resulted in crop failure when applied in the central region. Soybean crops in the central region are often lower yielding and have a higher frequency of failure than in other cane growing regions due to the lack of good local understanding of the crop. Our region’s climatic conditions such as: day length, temperature, rain fall and the number of rainy or clear days will impact on soybean production. These needs must be addressed to further encourage the adoption of legume break crops in the central region. Soy bean yields in the central region have not reached their potential when compared to the other regions and we believe that some of the issues relate to poor variety selection and the lack of good local information. This project experimented with current and new varieties and documents the results of these experiments. This information will give cane growers in the central region a process for better decision making.